Propriedades Químicas e Farmacológicas do Gênero Copaifera no Tratamento de Lesões/feridas: Revisão Integrativa / Chemical and Pharmacological Properties of the Genus Copaifera in the Treatment of Injuries/wounds: Integrative Review / Propiedades Químicas y Farmacológicas del Género Copaifera en el Tratamiento de Lesiones/heridas: Revisión Integradora

Objetivo:Identificar propriedades químicas e farmacológicas do gênero Copaifera no tratamento de lesões e feridas. Método: Revisão integrativa da literatura realizada nas bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, Taylor & Francis e Scopus, em janeiro de 2022, por meio da estratégia de busca: "Chemical Properties" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries" e "Pharmacology" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries". Foram incluídos artigos originais, de texto completo, identificados de acordo nível de evidência, redigidos em português, inglês ou espanhol. Resultados: Na busca primária foram encontrados 261 artigos. Após a seleção sistematizada, 12 estudos foram selecionados para análise qualitativa. Espécies do gênero Copaifera apresentam propriedades farmacológicas favoráveis ao tratamento de feridas: controle da dor inflamatória, diminuição da reação inflamatória, reepitelização e reparo tecidual, angiogênese, retração da ferida e remodelagem de cicatrizes. Dentre as propriedades químicas associadas ao tratamento de lesões, destacam-se presença de compostos bioativos: diterpenos, 3-hidroxi-copálico, sesquiterpenos, éster kolavic-15-metílico. Entre os diterpenos testados, o caurenoico e os ácidos copálicos mostraram atividades hemolíticas significativas. Apenas o ácido copálico e o ácido hardwíckiico inibiram a produção de óxido nítrico em macrófagos ativados por lipopolissacarídeos. Conclusão: As plantas do gênero Copaifera apresentam propriedades químicas e farmacológicas favoráveis ao tratamento de lesões e feridas

Objective:To identify chemical and pharmacological properties of Copaifera in the treatment of injuries and wounds. Method: Integrative literature review conducted in the LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, Taylor & Francis and Scopus databases in January 2022, using the search strategy: "Chemical Properties" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries" and "Pharmacology" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries." Original articles, full text, identified according to level of evidence, written in Portuguese, English or Spanish, were included. Results: In the primary search 261 articles were found. After systematized selection, 12 studies were selected for qualitative analysis. Species of the genus Copaifera have pharmacological properties favorable for wound treatment: control of inflammatory pain, reduction of inflammatory reaction, tissue reepithelialization and repair, angiogenesis, wound retraction and scar remodeling. Among the chemical properties associated with the treatment of injuries, the presence of bioactive compounds stand out: diterpenes, 3-hydroxy-copalic, sesquiterpenes, kolavic-15-methyl ester. Among the tested diterpenes, kaurenoic and copalic acids showed significant hemolytic activities. Only copalic acid and hardwickiic acid inhibited nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages. Conclusion: Plants of the genus Copaifera have chemical and pharmacological properties favorable for the treatment of injuries and wounds.

Objetivo:Identificar las propiedades químicas y farmacológicas del género Copaifera en el tratamiento de lesiones y heridas. Método: Revisión integradora de la literatura realizada en las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE, PubMed, Taylor & Francis y Scopus, en enero de 2022, mediante la estrategia de búsqueda: "Chemical Properties" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries" e "Pharmacology" AND "Copaifera" AND "Wounds and Injuries". Se incluyeron artículos originales, a texto completo, identificados según el nivel de evidencia, escritos en portugués, inglés o español. Resultados: En la búsqueda primaria se encontraron 261 artículos. Tras una selección sistematizada, se seleccionaron 12 estudios para el análisis cualitativo. Las especies del género Copaifera presentan propiedades farmacológicas favorables para el tratamiento de las enfermedades: control del dolor inflamatorio, disminución de la reacción inflamatoria, reepitelización y reparación tecidual, angiogénesis, retracción de la piel y remodelación de las cicatrices. Entre las propiedades químicas asociadas al tratamiento de las lesiones, destaca la presencia de compuestos bioactivos: diterpenos, 3-hidroxicopálico, sesquiterpenos, éster kolavico-15-metilo. Entre los diterpenos probados, los ácidos kaurenoico y copálico mostraron actividades hemolíticas significativas. Sólo el ácido copálico y el ácido hardwickiico inhibieron la producción de óxido nítrico en macrófagos activados por lipopolisacáridos. Conclusión: Las plantas del género Copaifera presentan propiedades químicas y farmacológicas favorables para el tratamiento de lesiones y heridas.

Radioprotective Effect of Nigella Sativa Oil on Heart Tissues of Rats Exposed to Irradition

Abstract Background Various studies are ongoing related to the radioprotective agents. Herbal preparations are currently becoming popular because of their beneficial effects with fewer side effects compared to the synthetic/semi-synthetic medicines, and Nigella sativa oil (NSO) is only one of them. Objective To investigate NSO for its antioxidant effects on the heart tissue of rats exposed to ionizing radiation (IR). Methods Thirty six male albino Wistar rats, divided into four groups, were designated to group I (IR plus NSO group) that received both 5 Gray of gamma IR to total cranium and NSO; group II (IR alone group) that received IR plus saline, group III (control group of NSO) that received saline and did not receive NSO or IR; group IV (control group) that received only sham IR. Alterations in Total antioxidant status (TAS) and Total oxidant status (TOS), Oxidative stres index (OSI), Sulhydryl group (SH), Lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH), Paraoxonase (PON) levels, Arylesterase (ARE) and Ceruloplasmin (CER) activities in homogenized heart tissue of rats were measured by biochemical methods. Results In heart tissue of the rats in the IR alone group (group II) LOOH, TOS and OSI levels were found to be higher, ARE activity and TAS level were found to be lower than all of the other groups (p < 0.01). These results also support that IR increases oxidative stress and NSO's protective effect. Conclusion NSO would reduce the oxidative damage in the irradiated heart tissue in the experimental rat model.

Physicochemical features, functional characteristics, and health benefits of cottonseed oil: a review / Benefícios à saúde humana e características físico-químicas e funcionais do óleo de semente de algodão: uma revisão

Vegetable oils have their specific physicochemical properties due to which they are playing vital role in human nutritional diet for health benefits. Cottonseed oil is obtained from various species of cotton seeds that are famous to be grown mainly for their fiber quality. The most prominently used specie is Gossypium hirsutum. It is obvious that the seeds of different variety of cotton vary as grown in diverse agroclimatic conditions with respect to oil, fats and protein contents. Cottonseed oil is routinely used for cooking and food manufacturing products. Cottonseed oil obtained after proper extraction/processing steps from crude state to refined oil in a variety of ways. Cotton crop is considered for their dual-use purpose, for fiber quality and oil production to promote health benefits in the world. Keeping in view the above facts, this review clearly demonstrated an overview about physicochemical and functional properties of cottonseed oil to promote health benefits associated with the use of this oil. The overall characteristics and all concerned health benefits of CSO will further improve their usefulness is a compact way. We have summarized a brief multi-dimensional features of CSO in all aspects up to the best of our knowledge fort he end researchers who can further research in the respective aspect.

Os óleos vegetais têm propriedades físico-químicas específicas que desempenham um papel vital na dieta nutricional humana em benefício à saúde. O óleo de semente de algodão, utilizado rotineiramente no preparo e na fabricação de alimentos, é obtido através de várias espécies de sementes de algodão, famosas pela alta qualidade de sua fibra, cuja espécie mais utilizada é Gossypium hirsutum. As sementes variam, em relação ao teor do óleo, da gordura e das proteínas, de acordo com o cultivo e as diversas condições agroclimáticas. O óleo de algodão é obtido após etapas adequadas de extração das sementes e processamento do estado bruto ao refinado. Assim, a presente revisão demonstra, de maneira geral, as propriedades físico-químicas e funcionais do óleo de semente de algodão e seus benefícios à saúde humana, resumindo suas características multidimensionais. As características gerais e todos os benefícios do composto podem melhorar ainda mais se utilizadas de forma compacta, auxiliando futuros pesquisadores.

Schisandra chinensis Oil Attenuates Aristolochic Acid I-Induced Nephrotoxicity in vivo and in vitro / 中国结合医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the protective effects of Schisandra chinensis oil (SCEO) against aristolochic acid I (AA I)-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo and in vitro and elucidate the underlying mechanism.@*METHODS@#C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups according to a random number table, including control group, AA I group, and AA I +SCEO (0.25, 0.5 and 1 g/kg) groups (n=5 per group). Pretreatment with SCEO was done for 2 days by oral administration, while the control and AA I groups were treated with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose. Mice of all groups except for the control group were injected intraperitoneally with AA I (5 mg/kg) from day 3 until day 7. Histopathological examination and apoptosis of kidney tissue were observed by hematoxylin and eosin and TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. The levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (SCr), as well as renal malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione, r-glutamyl cysteingl+glycine (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Expressions of hepatic cytochrome P450 1A1 (CYP1A1), CYP1A2, and nad(p)hquinonedehydrogenase1 (NQO1) were analyzed using ELISA, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. In vitro, SCEO (40 µ g/mL) was added 12 h before treatment with AA I (40 µ mol/mL for 48 h) in human renal proximal tubule cell line (HK-2), then apoptosis and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were analyzed by flow cytometry.@*RESULTS@#SCEO 0.5 and 1 g/kg ameliorated histopathological changes and TUNEL+ staining in the kidney tissues of mice with AA I-induced nephrotoxicity, and reduced serum levels of ALT, AST, BUN and SCr (P<0.01 or P<0.05). SCEO 0.5 and 1 g/kg alleviated the ROS generation in kidney, containing MDA, GSH and SOD (P<0.01 or P<0.05). SCEO 1 g/kg increased the expressions of CYP1A1 and CYP1A2 and decreased NQO1 level in the liver tissues (P<0.01 or P<0.05). Besides, in vitro studies also demonstrated that SCEO 40 µ g/mL inhibited apoptosis and ROS generation (P<0.05 or P<0.01).@*CONCLUSIONS@#SCEO can alleviate AA I-induced kidney damage both in vivo and in vitro. The protective mechanism may be closely related to the regulation of metabolic enzymes, thereby inhibiting apoptosis and ROS production.

Tratamento de ferida cirúrgica cutânea em ratos com óleo-resina de copaíba (copaíba reticulata) / Treatment of surgical wounds in rats with copaiba oil-resin (copaiba reticulata)

Foi avaliada a atividade cicatrizante do óleo-resina de copaíba "in natura" em feridas cirúrgicas cutâneas induzidas em ratos. Setenta e dois ratos foram distribuídos em três grupos: Grupo Controle Negativo (GCN), Grupo Controle Positivo (GCP) e Grupo Óleo-resina de Copaíba (GOC). A avaliação da hiperemia por escore na macroscopia mostrou que a chance de um animal apresentar um grau de hiperemia baixo quando tratado com o óleo-resina de copaíba é 1,46 vezes maior que um animal tratado com ácidos graxos essenciais e 2,14 vezes maiores que a chance de um animal tratado com óleo mineral. Com relação ao infiltrado inflamatório na microscopia a probabilidade de ser menor ocorre no GOC em comparação com os GCN e GCP. Em relação ao tempo de reepitelização, a chance de um animal apresentar uma reepitelização mais lenta tratado com ácidos graxos essenciais é de 1,2 vezes a chance de um animal tratado com óleo-resina de copaíba. A análise histológica mostrou que o tecido cicatricial após o tratamento com óleo-resina de copaíba apresentou maior contração da ferida e consequentemente redução do tamanho da ferida visto pela aproximação de anexos da pele no corte histológico. Concluiu-se que o tratamento com óleo-resina de copaíba proporciona maior contração da ferida e aproximação dos anexos da pele.

The healing activity of "in natura" oil-resin of copaíba resin was evaluated in cutaneous surgical wounds induced in rats. Seventy-two rats were divided into three groups: Negative Control Group (GCN), Positive Control Group (GCP) and Copaíba Oil-Resin Group (GOC). Evaluation of hyperemia by macroscopic score showed that the chance of an animal presenting a low degree of hyperemia when treated with copaiba oil-resin is 1.46 times higher than an animal treated with essential fatty acids and 2.14 times greater than the chance of an animal treated with mineral oil. With regard to inflammatory infiltrate under microscopy the probability of being smaller occurs in GOC compared to GCN and GCP. Regarding the time of re-epithelialization, the chance of an animal having a slower reepithelization treated with essential fatty acids is 1.2 times the chance of an animal treated with copaiba oil-resin. Histological analysis showed that cicatricial tissue after treatment with copaiba oil-resin presented greater contraction of the wound due to the approximation of skin attachments. It was concluded that the treatment with copaiba oil-resin provides greater contraction of the wound and approximation of the skin attachments.

Effect of copaiba oil in intestinal mucosa of rats submitted to hypovolemic shock / Efeito do óleo de copaíba na mucosa intestinal de ratos submetidos ao choque hipovolêmico

ABSTRACT Background: Hypovolemic shock is a common disease in polytrauma patients and may develop ischemia in various organs, increasing morbidity and mortality. The bowel is usually most affected by this condition. Aim: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil on the intestinal mucosa's injury of rats submitted to hypovolemic shock. Method: Fifteen rats were divided into three groups: sham - simulated surgery; ischemia - animals submitted to hypovolemic shock; and copaiba - animals submitted to hypovolemic shock previously treated with copaiba oil. Mean blood pressure, arterial blood gas after shock induction, degree of intestinal lesion and villus length were evaluated. Results: The sham presented the lowest values of lactate and PaCO2 and the highest values of mean arterial pressure, pH and bicarbonate in relation to the other groups. The degree of mesenteric lesion was zero in the sham group; 3.00±1.00 in the ischemia group; and 3.00±0.71 in the copaiba group. The villus length was 173.60±8.42 in the sham, 142.77±8.33 in the ischemia and 143.01±9.57 in the copaiba group. There was a significant difference between the sham and the other groups (p<0.05); however, there not significant difference between groups Ischemia and copaiba. Conclusion: Administration of copaiba oil did not reduce the intestinal mucosa lesion of rats after hypovolemic shock.

RESUMO Racional: O choque hipovolêmico é situação comum em pacientes politraumatizados, podendo acarretar isquemia de vários órgãos, aumentando a morbimortalidade. O intestino é geralmente um dos órgãos mais afetados por essa condição. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos do óleo de copaíba na lesão da mucosa intestinal de ratos submetidos ao choque hipovolêmico. Métodos: Quinze ratos foram distribuídos em três grupos: Sham - operação simulada; isquemia - submissão ao choque hipovolêmico; e copaíba - submissão ao choque hipovolêmico previamente tratados com óleo de copaíba. A pressão arterial média, a gasometria arterial após a indução do choque, o grau da lesão intestinal e o tamanho das vilosidades foram avaliados. Resultados: O grupo sham apresentou os menores valores de lactato e PaCO2 e os maiores valores de pressão arterial média, pH e bicarbonato em relação aos demais grupos. O grau de lesão mesentérica foi de zero no sham; 3,0±1,00 no grupo isquemia; e 3,0±0,71 no da copaíba. O comprimento dos vilos foi de 173,60±8,42 no grupo sham, 142,77±8,33 no da isquemia e 143,01±9,57 no da copaíba. Houve diferença significante entre o grupo sham e os demais grupos (p<0.05); contudo, não houve diferença estatística entre os grupos submetidos ao choque hipovolêmico. Conclusão: A administração do óleo de copaíba não reduziu a lesão da mucosa intestinal de ratos submetidos ao choque hipovolêmico.

Rectal application of argan oil improves healing of colorectal anastomosis in rats

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the possible effects of argan oil on the healing of colorectal anastomoses. Methods: I n Group 1 (sham), laparotomy was performed and the colon was mobilized. In the control (Group 2) and argan oil (Group 3) groups, colonic resection and anastomosis were applied. To the control and sham groups, 2 mL of 0.9% NaCl was administred rectally, and in the argan oil group, 2 mL/day argan oil was applied rectally for 7 days. Results: The mean bursting pressures of the argan oil and sham groups were significantly higher than the values in the control group. A significant difference was determined between the tissue hydroxyproline and prolidase levels of control group and other groups. Histopathologically, argan oil showed significant beneficial effects on colonic wound healing. In the argan oil and sham groups, the tissue malondialdehyde and fluorescent oxidation product levels were found to be lower and total sulfhydryl levels were higher than the control group. Conclusions: The rectally administered argan oil was observed to have significantly ameliorated wound healing parameters and exerted a significant antioxidant effect. This is the first study in the literature about the beneficial effects of argan oil on colorectal anastomoses.

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi ( Aroeira) leaves oil attenuates inflammatory responses in cutaneous wound healing in mice

Abstract Purpose: To investigated the inflammatory, angiogenic and fibrogenic activities of the Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi leaves oil (STRO) on wound healing. Methods: The excisional wound healing model was used to evaluate the effects of STRO. The mice were divided into two groups: Control, subjected to vehicle solution (ointment lanolin/vaseline base), or STRO- treated group, administered topically once a day for 3, 7 and 14 days post-excision. We evaluated the macroscopic wound closure rate; the inflammation was evaluated by leukocytes accumulation and cytokine levels in the wounds. The accumulation of neutrophil and macrophages in the wounds were determined by assaying myeloperoxidase and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase activities. The levels of TNF-α, CXCL-1 and CCL-2 in wound were evaluated by ELISA assay. Angiogenesis and collagen fibers deposition were evaluated histologically. Results: We observed that macroscopic wound closure rate was improved in wounds from STRO-group than Control-group. The wounds treated with STRO promoted a reduction in leucocyte accumulation and in pro-inflammatory cytokine. Moreover, STRO treatment increased significantly the number of blood vessels and collagen fibers deposition, as compared to control group. Conclusion: Topical application of STRO display anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects, as well as improvement in collagen replacement, suggesting a putative use of this herb for the development of phytomedicines to treat inflammatory diseases, including wound healing.

Effect of vegetable oils applied over acquired enamel pellicle on initial erosion

Abstract Objective The prevalence of dental erosion has been recently increasing, requiring new preventive and therapeutic approaches. Vegetable oils have been studied in preventive dentistry because they come from a natural, edible, low-cost, and worldwide accessible source. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of different vegetable oils, applied in two concentrations, on initial enamel erosion. Material and Methods Initially, the acquired pellicle was formed in situ for 2 hours. Subsequently, the enamel blocks were treated in vitro according to the study group (n=12/per group): GP5 and GP100 - 5% and pure palm oil, respectively; GC5 and GC100 - 5% and pure coconut oil; GSa5 and GSa100 - 5% and pure safflower oil; GSu5 and GSu100 - 5% and pure sunflower oil; GO5 and GO100 - 5% and pure olive oil; CON− - Deionized Water (negative control) and CON+ - Commercial Mouthwash (Elmex® Erosion Protection Dental Rinse, GABA/positive control). Then, the enamel blocks were immersed in artificial saliva for 2 minutes and subjected to short-term acid exposure in 0.5% citric acid, pH 2.4, for 30 seconds, to promote enamel surface softening. The response variable was the percentage of surface hardness loss [((SHi - SHf) / SHf )×100]. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p<0.05). Results Enamel blocks of GP100 presented similar hardness loss to GSu100 (p>0.05) and less than the other groups (p<0.05). There was no difference between GP5, GC5, GC100, GSa5, GSu100, GSa100, GSu5, GO5, GO100, CON− and CON+. Conclusion Palm oil seems to be a promising alternative for preventing enamel erosion. However, further studies are necessary to evaluate a long-term erosive cycling.

Efecto del aceite de Sacha Inchi (Plukenetia volubilis L.) en la carcinogénesis de colon inducida por 1,2–dimetilhidrazina en ratas Holtzman / Effect of Sacha Inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis L.) on 1,2–dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis in Holtzman rats

Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto protector del aceite de Sacha Inchi (ASI) sobre el desarrollo de cáncer de colon (CC) inducido con 1,2–dimetilhidrazina (DMH) en ratas Holtzman. Materiales y métodos: Estudio experimental con 28 ratas albinas machos de la cepa Holtzman distribuidas al azar en 4 grupos: un grupo control positivo expuesto a DMH (C1), un grupo control negativo expuesto a ASI a 150 μL/kg/día (C2), y dos grupos experimentales expuestos a DMH con ASI a 150 μL/kg/día (E1) y ASI a 300 μL/kg/día (E2). La DMH se aplicó por 8 semanas y con un tiempo total de inducción de 22 semanas. Luego se realizó el análisis patológico mediante la identificación de lesiones tumorales cancerosas en los intestinos. El efecto protector se evaluó en base a las proporciones de ausencia de lesión en los grupos expuestos a DMH. Resultados: Se identificaron lesiones tumorales cancerosas en: dos especímenes del grupo C1, un espécimen del grupo E1 y dos especímenes del grupo E2. No se identificaron lesiones intestinales en el grupo C2. Las proporciones de ausencia de lesión fueron: en el grupo C1 de 75%, en el grupo E1 de 87,5% y en el grupo E2 de 75%. No se encontraron diferencias significativas (p>0,05). Conclusiones: No se evidenció un efecto protector significativo del ASI sobre el desarrollo de CC inducido con DMH en ratas Holtzman, respecto al grupo control.

Objectives: To evaluate the preventive effect of Sacha Inchi oil (SIO) on 1,2–dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis (CC) in Holtzman rats. Materials and methods: Experimental study with 28 Holtzman male albino rats randomly distributed into 4 groups: a positive control group exposed to DMH (C1), a negative control group exposed to SIO at 150 uL/kg/ day (C2), and two experimental groups exposed to DMH with SIO at 150 uL/kg/day (E1) and SIO at 300 uL/kg/day (E2). The DMH was applied for 8 weeks and the total induction time was 22 weeks. Pathological examination was performed by identifying cancerous tumor lesions in the guts. The preventive effect was evaluated based on proportions of lack of lesion in the groups exposed to DMH. Results: Cancerous tumor lesions were identified in: two specimens of group C1, one specimen of group E1 and two specimens of group E2. No intestinal lesions were identified in group C2. The proportions of lack of lesion were: in group C1 of 75%, in group E1 of 87.5% and group E2 of 75%. No significant differences were found (p>0.05). Conclusions: It was not found a significant protective effect of SIO on DMH-induced CC in Holtzman rats, compared to control group.

Low-level laser therapy and Calendula officinalis in repairing diabetic foot ulcers / Terapia con láser de baja intensidad y Calendula officinalis en la reparación de úlcera en pie diabético / Terapia a laser de baixa intensidade e Calendula officinalis no reparo de úlcera em pé diabético

Abstract OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy isolated and associated with Calendula officinalis oil in treating diabetic foot ulcers. METHOD An experimental, randomized, controlled, prospective, interventional clinical case study using a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 32 diabetic patients of both genders. Participants were randomly divided into four groups. Doppler Ultrasound evaluation of the Ankle-Brachial Index, brief pain inventory and analog pain scale were performed at baseline and after 30 days. RESULTS Reduced pain was observed in the Low-level laser therapy and Low-level laser therapy associated with Essential Fatty Acids groups (p<0.01). Regarding the Ankle-Brachial Index and Doppler Ultrasound, all groups remained stable. By analyzing lesion area reduction, Low-level laser therapy associated with Essential fatty acids group showed a significance of p=0.0032, and the Low-level laser therapy group showed p=0.0428. CONCLUSION Low-level laser therapy, performed alone or associated with the Calendula officinalis oil was effective in relieving pain and accelerating the tissue repair process of diabetic foot.

Resumen OBJETIVO Evaluar los efectos de la Terapia con Láser de Baja Intensidad aislada y asociada con el aceite de Calendula officinalis en la reparación de úlceras en pie diabético. MÉTODO Estudio de caso clínico, experimental, controlado, randomizado, prospectivo, intervencionista, de carácter cuantitativo. La muestra estuvo compuesta de 32 pacientes diabéticos, de ambos géneros. Los participantes fueron distribuidos aleatoriamente en cuatro grupos. Ecografía Doppler, evaluación del Índice Tobillo-Brazo, Inventario breve de dolor y escala visual analógica fueron realizados al inicio y después de 30 días. RESULTADOS Hubo reducción del dolor en los grupos Terapia con Láser de Baja Intensidad y Terapia con Láser de Baja intensidad asociada con los Ácidos Grasos Esenciales, con p<;0,01. En cuanto al Índice Tobillo-Brazo y la Ecografía Doppler, todos los grupos se mantuvieron estables. En el análisis de la reducción del área de la lesión, el grupo Terapia con Láser de Baja Intensidad asociada con los Ácidos Grasos Esenciales presentó una significación p=0,0032, y el grupo Terapia con Láser de Baja Intensidad, p=0,0428. CONCLUSIÓN La Terapia con Láser de Baja Intensidad, llevada a cabo tanto aisladamente como asociada con el aceite de Calendula officinalis, fue eficaz en el alivio del dolor y la aceleración del proceso de reparación de tejidos del pie diabético.

Resumo OBJETIVO Avaliar os efeitos da Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade isolada e associada ao óleo de Calendula officinalis no reparo de úlceras em pé diabético. MÉTODO Estudo de caso clínico, experimental, controlado, randomizado, prospectivo, intervencional, de caráter quantitativo. A amostra foi composta de 32 pacientes diabéticos, de ambos os gêneros. Os participantes foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos. Ultrassom Doppler, avaliação do Índice Tornozelo-Braquial, Inventário breve de dor e escala de dor analógica foram realizados no início e após 30 dias. RESULTADOS Houve redução da dor nos grupos Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade e Terapia a Laser de Baixa intensidade associada aos Ácidos Graxos Essenciais, com p<0,01. Quanto ao Índice Tornozelo-Braquial e Ultrassom Doppler, todos os grupos mantiveram-se estáveis. Na análise da redução de área da lesão, o grupo Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade associada aos Ácidos Graxos Essenciais apresentou uma significância p=0,0032, e o grupo Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade, p=0,0428. CONCLUSÃO A Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade, realizada tanto isoladamente quanto associada ao óleo de Calendula officinalis, foi eficaz no alívio da dor e na aceleração do processo de reparo tecidual de pé diabético.

Estudo da resistência cicatricial cutânea de ratos tratados com óleo de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) / Study of skin scarring resistance of rats treated with pequi oil (Caryocar brasiliense)

Introdução: Existem vários estudos sobre a utilização do pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) no processo cicatricial; contudo, em poucos trabalhos desenvolvidos, avaliou-se resistência dos tecidos à tensão pós-tratamento. Objetivo: Analisar a tensão cicatricial em incisões cutâneas de ratos, após terapia com Caryocar brasiliense. Método: Vinte ratos Wistar, divididos em dois grupos (placebo/tratado), sofreram incisão cutânea no dorso. O grupo tratado recebeu doses diárias de óleo de Caryocar brasiliense, e o placebo aplicação de óleo mineral. Após sacrifício, em sete e quatorze dias pós-cirurgia, amostras de pele foram submetidas à análise tênsil-histológica. Resultados: Observou-se diferença significante intergrupos na força máxima de tração, assim como uma elevação da síntese de colágeno na área das lesões no grupo tratado com óleo Caryocar brasiliense. Conclusão: A terapia com óleo de Caryocar brasiliense aumenta a resistência tênsil da pele, melhorando a resposta reparacional, reduzindo riscos de deiscência e complicações pós-cirúrgicas.

Introduction: There are several studies on the use of Caryocar brasiliense in the scarring process; however, few studies have evaluated posttreatment skin tissue resistance to tension. Objective: To analyze the scar tension in skin incisions of rats after therapy Caryocar brasiliense. Method: Twenty Wistar rats were divided into two groups (placebo / rough) and suffered skin incision in dorso. The treatment group received daily dose of Caryocar brasiliense oil and the placebo group with application of mineral oil. After sacrifice, in seven fourteen days after surgery, skin samples were subjected to tensile-histological analysis. Results: There was a significant intergroup difference in the maximum strength of traction, as well as an increase in collagen synthesis in the area of lesions in the treated group. Conclusion: Treatment with oil from Caryocar brasiliense increases the tensile strength of the skin, improving the healing response and reducing the risks of dehiscence and postoperative complications.

Copaiba oil effect on induced fecal peritonitis in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effects of copaiba oil as a prophylactic and/or therapeutic substance on survival of rats subjected to cecal ligation and puncture, describing histopathological and oxidative stress findings.METHODS:Forty rats (Ratus norvegicus) were distributed into five study groups (N=8): Sham group (ShG): normal standard animals; Sepse group (SepG): submitted a cecal ligation and puncture (CLP); Pre group (PreG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection for five days before carrying out CLP; Post CLP group (PostG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection from the first day of CLP until death by sepsis; and Pre/Post group (Pre/PostG): administered copaiba oil once daily by subcutaneous injection for five days before carrying out CLP and from the first day of CLP until de death by sepsis. After the death of the animals, blood was collected for assessment of oxidative stress and histological analysis were performed. The Kaplan-Meier curves of surviving time were realized.RESULTS: Survival analysis demonstrated that animals treated with copaiba oil prior to the execution of the CLP (PreG and Pre/Post groups) had longer survival compared to the sepsis group (p<0.0001) whereas animals receiving copaiba only after the completion of CLP (PostG) showed no statistically significant difference compared to the sepsis group. However, when comparing the two groups in which was administered copaiba previously (PreG and Pre/PostG groups), there was no statistical significance between the groups (p=0.4672). There was no statistical difference between histopathological findings or the levels of oxidative stress.CONCLUSION: Prophylactic subcutaneous administration of copaiba increases survival of rats subjected to severe sepsis by cecal ligation and puncture.

Hemodynamic changes with two lipid emulsions for treatment of bupivacaine toxicity in swines

PURPOSE: To compare the hemodynamic changes following two different lipid emulsion therapies after bupivacaine intoxication in swines. METHODS: Large White pigs were anesthetized with thiopental, tracheal intubation performed and mechanical ventilation instituted. Hemodynamic variables were recorded with invasive pressure monitoring and pulmonary artery catheterization (Swan-Ganz catheter). After a 30-minute resting period, 5 mg.kg-1 of bupivacaine by intravenous injection was administered and new hemodynamic measures were performed 1 minute later; the animals were than randomly divided into three groups and received 4 ml.kg-1 of one of the two different lipid emulsion with standard long-chaim triglyceride, or mixture of long and medium-chain triglyceride, or saline solution. Hemodynamic changes were then re-evaluated at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 minutes. RESULTS: Bupivacaine intoxication caused fall in arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, ventricular systolic work index mainly and no important changes in vascular resistances. Both emulsion improved arterial blood pressure mainly increasing vascular resistance since the cardiac index had no significant improvement. On the systemic circulation the hemodynamic results were similar with both lipid emulsions. CONCLUSION: Both lipid emulsions were efficient and similar options to reverse hypotension in cases of bupivacaine toxicity. .

Adição de óleos de copaíba (Copaifera langisdorffii) e sucupira (Pterodon emarginatus) na alimentação de poedeiras: estabilidade lipídica de gema de ovos armazenados em diferentes temperaturas / Effect of dietary supplementation with oils of copaíba (Copaifera langsdorffii) and sucupira (Pterodon emarginatus): lipid oxidation of egg yolks stored in different temperatures

The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant effect of dietary supplementation of plant oil resins in laying hens on the oxidative stability of cooked egg yolk kept at 4ºC for 30 days, and fresh eggs stored under refrigeration (R) at the same temperature for 60 days or kept in room temperature (RT) for 30 days. Hens were fed corn- and soybean-based diets (15% CP and 2,900 kcal kg-1) and supplemented with two levels of Copaifera langsdorffii oil resin (CP-0.03; 0.06 and 0.09%) or Pterodon emarginatus oil resin (SC-0.03 and 0.06%), plus a negative control (CN). At 37 weeks of age, 667 eggs were collected and randomly distributed in different storage conditions, in natura or cooked. The progression of lipid oxidation of egg yolk in natura was quantified in quadruplicate and cooked egg yolks in duplicate, using pool of 3 egg yolks/treatment to analyze TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) concentration in quadruplicate. Data analysis was performed using a mixed model and Tukey test, at a 5% significance level. The storage period was considered a longitudinal factor, which varied from five times, for R cooked yolk and TA fresh yolk (0-30 days), to nine times, for R fresh yolk (0-60 days). For fresh eggs stored at RT or R, the supplementation of plant oils did not protect egg yolks from lipid oxidation, compared to NC. However, for cooked egg yolks, the addition of 0.03 and 0.06% of CP oil resin showed antioxidant activity since it reduced lipid oxidation up to day 21 of storage, but had a prooxidant effect for 0.09%. Therefore, it can be concluded that the supplementation of copaíba oil resin had an antioxidant protection of cooked egg lipids...

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a atividade antioxidante da adição de óleos de copaíba (CP) e sucupira (SC) na alimentação de poedeiras sobre a oxidação lipídica de ovos in natura armazenados em temperatura ambiente (TA) por 30 dias e sob refrigeração (R) a 4ºC por 60 dias, e de gemas cozidas mantidas sob R por 30 dias. As poedeiras foram alimentadas com ração isoproteica (15% PB) e isoenergética (2900 kcal kg-1) à base de milho e farelo de soja, com inclusão de óleo de Copaifera langsdorffii (CP) nas proporções de 0,03; 0,06 e 0,09% ou de Pterodon emarginatus (SC) nas proporções de 0,03 e 0,06%, mais um controle negativo (CN). Foram coletados 667 ovos às 37 semanas de idade e distribuídos aleatoriamente nas diferentes condições de armazenamento (TA ou R). A oxidação dos lipídios de ovos in natura foi quantificada em quadruplicata e das gemas cozidas em duplicata, utilizando-se pool de 3 gemas/tratamento para as análises de TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). Os dados foram avaliados adotando um modelo misto e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey em 5% de nível de significância e o período de armazenamento foi considerado como um fator longitudinal, variando de cinco tempos no experimento com gemas cozidas, e nos ovos in natura sob R e em TA (0 a 30 dias), até nove tempos sob R (0 a 60 dias). Foi observado que a adição de óleo de CP e SC não reduziu os valores de TBARS em ovos in natura armazenados em TA e sob R em relação ao CN. No armazenamento de gemas cozidas, a inclusão CP (0,03 e 0,06%) protegeu os lipídios até os 21 dias, mas apresentou efeito pró-oxidante quando suplementado a 0,09%. Concluiu-se que a inclusão de até 0,06% de óleorresina de CP nas rações de poedeiras pode proteger os lipídios da gema cozida contra a oxidação durante o armazenamento refrigerado por até 21 dias...

Attenuation of copaiba oil in hepatic damage in rats

PURPOSE: To investigate the copaiba oil on the hepatic damage induced by acetaminophen, comparing against corn oil. METHODS: Fifty four rats were distributed into nine study groups (N=6): control group, that didn't receive the acetaminophen; Acetaminophen Group, that only received the acetaminophen; Prophylactic Copaiba Group 1, that received copaiba oil two hours before the acetaminophen; Prophylactic Copaiba Group 7, that received copaiba oil seven days, once by day, before the acetaminophen; Therapy Copaiba Group, that received the copaiba oil two hours after the acetaminophen, the corn's groups were similar than copaiba oil groups; and N-Acetyl-Cysteine Group, that received the N-Acetyl-Cysteine two hours after the acetaminophen. Euthanasia was performed after 24 hours. The serum levels transaminases, bilirubin and canalicular enzymes were analyzed. RESULTS: The prophylactic copaiba group 7, therapy copaiba group and N-Acetyl-Cysteine Group showed amounts of AST and ALT similar to the control group; and the prophylactic copaiba group 1 and corn's groups showed similar levels to the acetaminophen group. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding the amount of alkaline phosphatase and ɤ GT (p>0.05). The therapy copaiba group showed the highest levels of total bilirubin and was statistically different from the other groups (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Copaiba oil administered prophylactically for seven days and therapeutically 2 hours after the acetaminophen acute intoxication offered a potential hepato protection against paracetamol-induced hepatic damage, normalizing the biochemical parameters similarly to N-Acetyl-Cysteine, and the treatment with corn oil shows no effect on the liver damage. .

Estudo do creme de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) no processo de cicatrização / Study of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) cream in the healing process

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito do creme de buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L .) na cicatrização de lesões cutâneas em camundongos. Métodos: Cinquenta e seis camundongos foram submetidos ao procedimento cirúrgico de exérese da pele na região dorsal. Após a cirurgia, os grupos foram tratados com solução fisiológica 0,9%, creme de buriti a 5% e a 10% e Fibrase®. Resultados: No sétimo dia, foi observada uma redução significativa da área da ferida nos animais tratados com creme de buriti 5% e Fibrase® em relação ao controle. Não foram observadas diferenças entre os grupos no 14º dia de tratamento. A análise histológica demonstrou a presença de tecido de granulação mais evoluído, fibras colágenas e fibroblastos nas amostras do creme de buriti a 5% e Fibrase a partir do sétimo dia de tratamento. Conclusão: O creme de óleo de buriti a 5% apresentou capacidade aceleração do processo de cicatrização.

Objective: To evaluate the effect of buriti (Mauritia flexuosa L.) cream on the healing of skin lesions in mice. Methods: Fifty-six mice underwent surgical procedure of excision of the skin in the dorsal region. After surgery, the groups were treated with saline 0.9%, buriti cream 5% and 10% and Fibrase®. Results: On the seventh day was observed a significant reduction of the wound area in the animals treated with cream buriti 5% and Fibrase® when compared to control. No differences were observed between groups on the 14 th day of treatment. Histological examination showed the presence of granulation issue more evolved, fibroblasts and collagen fibers in the samples buriti cream 5% and Fibrase® from the seventh day of treatment. Conclusion: The buriti cream 5% is able to accelerate the healing process.

Oil Pulling and Oral Health: A Review.

Oil pulling is extensively used as a traditional Indian folk remedy without the scientific proof for many years to prevent decay, bleeding gums, oral malodor, dryness of throat, cracked lips and for strengthening teeth, gums, and jaws. This paper reviewed the literature on oil pulling based on the scientific articles available under the following subheadings: (1) Introduction (2) history (3) procedure (4) mechanism (5) benefits (6) discussion (7) summary (8) conclusion. Oil pulling or oil swishing is the ayurvedic way of maintaining oral health and improving overall immune system. Oil also pulling acts as an excellent detoxifying agent in healing the body inside. Oil pulling is a procedure in which the practitioners rinse their mouth with approximately one tablespoon of an ordinary cooking oil for 3-20 min, then spits it out. This procedure is typically performed daily. In this narrative review, authors try to illustrate different types of oil used for oil pulling and their oral benefits and general benefits on the health. Various oils used for swishing (pulling) the oral cavity-coconut oil, palm oil, corn oil, rice bran oil, sesame oil, sunflower oil, soybean oil, etc. Though oil pulling is effective, none of the studies considered it as a replacement for the tooth brushing, but can definitely be a supplemental oral hygiene aid.

Aromatherapy with ylang ylang for anxiety and self-esteem: a pilot study / Aderência ao tratamento por estatinas e fatores associados em usuárias do Sistema Único de Saúde / Aromaterapia con ylang-ylang para la ansiedad y autoestima: un estudio piloto

Objective: To verify if the use of ylang ylang essential oil by cutaneous application or inhalation alters the anxiety and self-esteem perception and physiological parameters as blood pressure and temperature. Method : A pilot study with 34 professionals from a nursing group randomized in three groups: one received the ylang ylang essential oil by cutaneous application, the second received through inhalation and the third (placebo) received the ylang ylang essence through cutaneous application. The assessment was done by an Anxiety Inventory (IDATE) and the Dela Coleta self-esteem scale, applied on baseline, after 30, 60 and 90 days and after 15 days post-intervention (follow up). Results : In the pre and post-intervention intergroup analysis, there was a significant difference in self-esteem for the three groups (p values: G1=0.014; G2=0.016; G3=0.038). There were no differences in the analysis between groups for anxiety or for physiological parameters. Conclusion : It was found significant alterations only to the intergroup perception of self-esteem for the three groups.
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Objetivo: Verificar si el uso del aceite esencial de ylang ylang por medio de la aplicación cutánea o la inhalación altera la percepción de la ansiedad y autoestima, así como de los parámetros fisiológicos de presión arterial y temperatura corporal. Método : Estudio piloto en el cual participaron 34 profesionales de enfermería distribuidos en tres grupos: el primero recibió aceite esencial por vía tópica, el segundo por vía inhalatoria y el tercero (placebo) esencia de ylang ylang por vía tópica. La evaluación se realizó aplicando el Inventario de Ansiedad (IDATE) y la Escala de Autoestima de Dela Coleta antes y después de 30, 60 y 90 días y 15 días después del período de uso. Resultados : En la evaluación intra grupo, antes y después de la intervención, hubo diferencias significativas para los tres grupos en la variable autoestima (valores p: G1=0,014; G2=0,016; G3=0,038). No hubo diferencias en los análisis entre grupos para la ansiedad o para los parámetros fisiológicos. Conclusión : Hubo solamente cambios significativos en la percepción de la autoestima intra grupo para los tres grupos.

Objetivo: Verificar se o uso do óleo essencial de ylang ylang por meio de aplicação cutânea ou inalatória altera a percepção da ansiedade e da autoestima e os parâmetros fisiológicos como pressão arterial e temperatura. Método: Estudo piloto no qual participaram 34 profissionais da equipe de enfermagem randomizados em três grupos: um recebeu o óleo essencial de ylang ylang via cutânea, o segundo o recebeu via inalatória e o terceiro (placebo) recebeu essência de ylang ylang via cutânea. A avaliação foi feita por meio do Inventário de Ansiedade (IDATE) e da escala de autoestima de Dela Coleta que foram aplicadas antes, ao final de 30, 60 e 90 dias e 15 dias (follow up) após o término do uso.Resultados: Na avaliação intragrupo, antes e após a intervenção, houve diferença significante para os três grupos na variável autoestima (valores de p: G1=0,014; G2=0,016; G3=0,038). Não houve diferenças nas análises entre grupos para a ansiedade ou para os parâmetros fisiológicos. Conclusão: Houve alterações significativas apenas na percepção da ansiedade intragrupo para os três grupos. 
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Atividade antifúngica do óleo essencial de Origanum vulgare frente a Malassezia pachydermatis / Antifungal activity of Origanum vulgare essential oil against Malassezia pachydermatis

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a atividade antifúngica in vitro do óleo essencial de Origanum vulgare frente a isolados clínicos de Malassezia pachydermatis. As folhas secas de O. vulgare foram adquiridas de distribuidor comercial com certificado de qualidade e origem e encaminhadas para extração do óleo essencial e cromatografia. Para realização do teste in vitro, foi utilizada a técnica de microdiluição em caldo (CLSI M27A3) com modificações para fitofármacos e M. pachydermatis. O óleo essencial de orégano foi testado nas concentrações de 28 a 0,87mg/mL diluído em caldo Sabouraud com 1% de tween 80. Todos os isolados foram testados em duplicata. Na análise cromatográfica do óleo essencial, foram identificados 12 compostos, sendo timol, a-terpineno e 4-terpineol os compostos majoritários. A CIM e a CFM dos 42 isolados de M. pachydermatis variaram de <0,87 a 7mg/mL, com valores de CIM50 e CIM90 de 1,18 e 3,28mg/mL, respectivamente. Com este estudo foi possível concluir que M. pachydermatis é sensível ao óleo essencial de orégano mesmo em concentrações baixas. Dessa maneira, o óleo essencial de orégano apresenta-se como promissor na bioprospecção de novos fármacos para o tratamento das otites e dermatites na clínica de pequenos animais...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oil of Origanum vulgare against clinical isolates of Malassezia pachydermatis. The dried leaves of O. vulgare were purchased from a commercial distributor with certified quality and origin and referred for essential oil extraction and chromatography. The technique for in vitro testing was microdilution (CLSI M27A3) with modifications to phytochemicals and M. pachydermatis. The essential oil of O. vulgare was tested at concentrations from 28 to 0.87mg/mL in Sabouraud broth diluted with 1% of tween 80. All isolates were tested in duplicate. In the chromatographic analysis of the essential oil 12 compounds were identified, and thymol, α-terpinene, 4-terpineol were the major compounds. The MIC and the MFC of the 42 isolates of M. pachydermatis ranged from <0.87 to 7mg/mL with MIC50 and MIC90 values of 1.18 and 3.28 mg/mL, respectively. With this study it was concluded that M. pachydermatis is sensible to O. vulgare essential oil even at low concentrations. Thus, the essential oil of O. vulgare is presented as bioprospecting in the promising new drugs for the treatment of otitis and dermatitis in small animal clinic...